import numpy as np
import pyart
import gc
import os
import tempfile
import xarray as xr
# We want cfgrib to be an optional dependency to ensure Windows compatibility
try:
import cfgrib
CFGRIB_AVAILABLE = True
except ImportError:
CFGRIB_AVAILABLE = False
from netCDF4 import Dataset
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from scipy.interpolate import interp1d, griddata
from scipy.interpolate import NearestNDInterpolator, LinearNDInterpolator
from copy import deepcopy
try:
import cdsapi
ERA5_AVAILABLE = True
except ImportError:
ERA5_AVAILABLE = False
[docs]
def make_initialization_from_era5(
Grid,
file_name=None,
vel_field=None,
dest_era_file=None,
method="nearest",
):
"""
Written by: Hamid Ali Syed and Bobby Jackson
This function will read ERA 5 in NetCDF format
and add it to the Py-ART grid specified by Grid.
PyDDA will automatically download the ERA 5 data
that you need for the scan. It will chose the
domain that is enclosed by the analysis grid and
the time period that is closest to the scan.
It will then do a Nearest Neighbor interpolation of the
ERA-5 u and v winds to the analysis grid.
You need to have the ERA5 CDSAPI and an CDS Copernicus
account set up in order to use this feature. Go to this
website for instructions on installing the API and
setting up your account:
https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/api-how-to
Parameters
----------
Grid: Py-ART Grid
The input Py-ART Grid to modify.
file_name: str or None
The netCDF file containing the ERA 5 data. If the web
API is experiencing delays, it is better to use it to download the
file and then refer to it here. If this file does not exist
PyDDA will use the API to create the file.
vel_field: str or None
The name of the velocity field in the Py-ART grid. Set to None to
have Py-DDA attempt to automatically detect it.
dest_era_file:
If this is not None, PyDDA will save the interpolated grid
into this file.
method: str
Interpolation method: 'nearest' for nearest neighbor,
'linear' for linear.
Returns
-------
new_Grid: Py-ART Grid
The Py-ART Grid with the ERA5 data added into the "u_era",
"v_era", and "w_era" fields.
"""
if vel_field is None:
vel_field = Grid.attrs["first_grid_name"]
if ERA5_AVAILABLE is False and file_name is None:
raise (
ModuleNotFoundError,
(
"The CDSAPI is not installed. Please go to"
+ "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/api-how-to"
+ "in order to use the auto download feature."
),
)
grid_time = datetime.strptime(
Grid["time"].attrs["units"], "seconds since %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"
)
hour_rounded_to_nearest_1 = int(round(float(grid_time.hour)))
if hour_rounded_to_nearest_1 == 24:
grid_time = grid_time + timedelta(days=1)
grid_time = datetime(
grid_time.year,
grid_time.month,
grid_time.day,
0,
grid_time.minute,
grid_time.second,
)
else:
grid_time = datetime(
grid_time.year,
grid_time.month,
grid_time.day,
hour_rounded_to_nearest_1,
grid_time.minute,
grid_time.second,
)
if file_name is not None:
if not os.path.isfile(file_name):
raise FileNotFoundError(file_name + " not found!")
if file_name is None:
print("Downloading ERA5 data...")
# ERA5 data is in pressure coordinates
# Retrieve u, v, w, and geopotential
# Geopotential is needed to convert into height coordinates
N = round(Grid["point_latitude"].values.max(), 2)
S = round(Grid["point_latitude"].values.min(), 2)
E = round(Grid["point_longitude"].values.max(), 2)
W = round(Grid["point_longitude"].values.min(), 2)
retrieve_dict = {}
pname = "reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels"
retrieve_dict["product_type"] = "reanalysis"
retrieve_dict["format"] = "netcdf"
retrieve_dict["variable"] = [
"u_component_of_wind",
"v_component_of_wind",
"vertical_velocity",
"geopotential",
]
retrieve_dict["pressure_level"] = [
"1",
"2",
"3",
"5",
"7",
"10",
"20",
"30",
"50",
"70",
"100",
"125",
"150",
"175",
"200",
"225",
"250",
"300",
"350",
"400",
"450",
"500",
"550",
"600",
"650",
"700",
"750",
"775",
"800",
"825",
"850",
"875",
"900",
"925",
"950",
"975",
"1000",
]
retrieve_dict["year"] = grid_time.strftime("%Y")
retrieve_dict["month"] = grid_time.strftime("%m")
retrieve_dict["day"] = grid_time.strftime("%d")
retrieve_dict["time"] = grid_time.strftime("%H:00")
retrieve_dict["area"] = [N, W, S, E]
if dest_era_file is not None:
retrieve_dict["target"] = dest_era_file
file_name = dest_era_file
else:
tfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()
retrieve_dict["target"] = tfile.name
file_name = tfile.name
server = cdsapi.Client()
server.retrieve(name=pname, request=retrieve_dict, target=file_name)
ERA_grid = Dataset(file_name, mode="r")
base_time = datetime.strptime(
ERA_grid.variables["time"].units, "hours since %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f"
)
time_step = np.argmin(np.abs(base_time - grid_time))
height_ERA = ERA_grid.variables["z"][:] / 9.8
u_ERA = ERA_grid.variables["u"][:]
v_ERA = ERA_grid.variables["v"][:]
w_ERA = ERA_grid.variables["w"][:]
lon_ERA = ERA_grid.variables["longitude"][:]
lat_ERA = ERA_grid.variables["latitude"][:]
radar_grid_lat = Grid["point_latitude"].values
radar_grid_lon = Grid["point_longitude"].values
radar_grid_alt = Grid["point_z"].values
u_flattened = u_ERA[time_step].flatten()
v_flattened = v_ERA[time_step].flatten()
w_flattened = w_ERA[time_step].flatten()
the_shape = u_ERA.shape
lon_mgrid, lat_mgrid = np.meshgrid(lon_ERA, lat_ERA)
lon_mgrid = np.tile(lon_mgrid, (the_shape[1], 1, 1))
lat_mgrid = np.tile(lat_mgrid, (the_shape[1], 1, 1))
lon_flattened = lon_mgrid.flatten()
lat_flattened = lat_mgrid.flatten()
height_flattened = height_ERA[time_step].flatten()
height_flattened -= Grid.radar_altitude.values
if method == "nearest":
u_interp = NearestNDInterpolator(
(height_flattened, lat_flattened, lon_flattened), u_flattened, rescale=True
)
v_interp = NearestNDInterpolator(
(height_flattened, lat_flattened, lon_flattened), v_flattened, rescale=True
)
w_interp = NearestNDInterpolator(
(height_flattened, lat_flattened, lon_flattened), w_flattened, rescale=True
)
elif method == "linear":
u_interp = LinearNDInterpolator(
(height_flattened, lat_flattened, lon_flattened), u_flattened, rescale=True
)
v_interp = LinearNDInterpolator(
(height_flattened, lat_flattened, lon_flattened), v_flattened, rescale=True
)
w_interp = LinearNDInterpolator(
(height_flattened, lat_flattened, lon_flattened), w_flattened, rescale=True
)
else:
raise NotImplementedError("%s interpolation method not implemented!" % method)
u_new = u_interp(radar_grid_alt, radar_grid_lat, radar_grid_lon)
v_new = v_interp(radar_grid_alt, radar_grid_lat, radar_grid_lon)
w_new = w_interp(radar_grid_alt, radar_grid_lat, radar_grid_lon)
# Free up memory
ERA_grid.close()
if "tfile" in locals():
tfile.close()
u_field = {}
u_field["standard_name"] = "u_wind"
u_field["long_name"] = "meridional component of wind velocity"
v_field = {}
v_field["standard_name"] = "v_wind"
v_field["long_name"] = "zonal component of wind velocity"
w_field = {}
w_field["standard_name"] = "w_wind"
w_field["long_name"] = "vertical component of wind velocity"
Grid["u"] = xr.DataArray(
np.expand_dims(u_new, 0), dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=u_field
)
Grid["v"] = xr.DataArray(
np.expand_dims(v_new, 0), dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=v_field
)
Grid["w"] = xr.DataArray(
np.expand_dims(w_new, 0), dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=w_field
)
return Grid
[docs]
def make_constant_wind_field(Grid, wind=(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), vel_field=None):
"""
This function makes a constant wind field given a wind vector.
This function is useful for specifying the intialization arrays
for get_dd_wind_field.
Parameters
==========
Grid: Py-ART Grid object
This is the Py-ART Grid containing the coordinates for the analysis
grid.
wind: 3-tuple of floats
The 3-tuple specifying the (u,v,w) of the wind field.
vel_field: String
The name of the velocity field. None will automatically
try to detect this field.
Returns
=======
new_Grid: Py-ART Grid
The Py-ART Grid with the constant wind field added in the u, v, and w
fields.
"""
# Parse names of velocity field
if vel_field is None:
vel_field = Grid.attrs["first_grid_name"]
analysis_grid_shape = Grid[vel_field].values.shape
u = wind[0] * np.ones(analysis_grid_shape)
v = wind[1] * np.ones(analysis_grid_shape)
w = wind[2] * np.ones(analysis_grid_shape)
u = np.ma.filled(u, 0)
v = np.ma.filled(v, 0)
w = np.ma.filled(w, 0)
u_field = {}
u_field["standard_name"] = "u_wind"
u_field["long_name"] = "meridional component of wind velocity"
v_field = {}
v_field["standard_name"] = "v_wind"
v_field["long_name"] = "zonal component of wind velocity"
w_field = {}
w_field["standard_name"] = "w_wind"
w_field["long_name"] = "vertical component of wind velocity"
Grid["u"] = xr.DataArray(u, dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=u_field)
Grid["v"] = xr.DataArray(v, dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=v_field)
Grid["w"] = xr.DataArray(w, dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=w_field)
return Grid
[docs]
def make_wind_field_from_profile(Grid, profile, vel_field=None):
"""
This function makes a 3D wind field from a sounding.
This function is useful for using sounding data as an initialization
for get_dd_wind_field.
Parameters
==========
Grid: Py-ART Grid object
This is the Py-ART Grid containing the coordinates for the analysis
grid.
profile: PyART HorizontalWindProfile
This is the HorizontalWindProfile of the sounding
wind: 3-tuple of floats
The 3-tuple specifying the (u,v,w) of the wind field.
vel_field: String
The name of the velocity field in Grid. None will automatically
try to detect this field.
Returns
=======
new_Grid: Py-ART Grid
The Py-ART Grid with the sounding wind field added in the u, v, and w
fields.
"""
# Parse names of velocity field
if vel_field is None:
vel_field = Grid.attrs["first_grid_name"]
analysis_grid_shape = Grid[vel_field].values.shape
u = np.ones(analysis_grid_shape)
v = np.ones(analysis_grid_shape)
w = np.zeros(analysis_grid_shape)
u_back = profile.u_wind
v_back = profile.v_wind
z_back = profile.height
u_interp = interp1d(z_back, u_back, bounds_error=False, fill_value="extrapolate")
v_interp = interp1d(z_back, v_back, bounds_error=False, fill_value="extrapolate")
u_back2 = u_interp(np.asarray(Grid["z"].values))
v_back2 = v_interp(np.asarray(Grid["z"].values))
for i in range(analysis_grid_shape[0]):
u[i] = u_back2[i]
v[i] = v_back2[i]
u = np.ma.filled(u, 0)
v = np.ma.filled(v, 0)
w = np.ma.filled(w, 0)
u_field = {}
u_field["standard_name"] = "u_wind"
u_field["long_name"] = "meridional component of wind velocity"
v_field = {}
v_field["standard_name"] = "v_wind"
v_field["long_name"] = "zonal component of wind velocity"
w_field = {}
w_field["standard_name"] = "w_wind"
w_field["long_name"] = "vertical component of wind velocity"
Grid["u"] = xr.DataArray(u, dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=u_field)
Grid["v"] = xr.DataArray(v, dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=v_field)
Grid["w"] = xr.DataArray(w, dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=w_field)
return Grid
[docs]
def make_background_from_wrf(Grid, file_path, wrf_time, radar_loc, vel_field=None):
"""
This function makes an initalization field based off of the u and w
from a WRF run. Only u and v are used from the WRF file.
Parameters
----------
Grid: Py-ART Grid object
This is the Py-ART Grid containing the coordinates for the
analysis grid.
file_path: str
This is the path to the WRF grid
wrf_time: datetime
The timestep to derive the intialization field from.
radar_loc: tuple
The (X, Y) location of the radar in the WRF grid. The output
coordinate system will be centered around this location
and given the same grid specification that is specified
in Grid.
vel_field: str, or None
This string contains the name of the velocity field in the
Grid. None will try to automatically detect this value.
Returns
-------
new_Grid: Py-ART Grid
The Py-ART Grid with the WRF wind field added in the u, v, and w
fields.
"""
# Parse names of velocity field
if vel_field is None:
vel_field = Grid.attrs["first_grid_name"]
analysis_grid_shape = Grid[vel_field].values.shape
u = np.ones(analysis_grid_shape)
v = np.ones(analysis_grid_shape)
w = np.zeros(analysis_grid_shape)
# Load WRF grid
wrf_cdf = Dataset(file_path, mode="r")
W_wrf = wrf_cdf.variables["W"][:]
V_wrf = wrf_cdf.variables["V"][:]
U_wrf = wrf_cdf.variables["U"][:]
PH_wrf = wrf_cdf.variables["PH"][:]
PHB_wrf = wrf_cdf.variables["PHB"][:]
alt_wrf = (PH_wrf + PHB_wrf) / 9.81
new_grid_x = Grid["point_x"].values
new_grid_y = Grid["point_y"].values
new_grid_z = Grid["point_z"].values
# Find timestep from datetime
time_wrf = wrf_cdf.variables["Times"]
ntimes = time_wrf.shape[0]
dts_wrf = []
for i in range(ntimes):
x = "".join([x.decode() for x in time_wrf[i]])
dts_wrf.append(datetime.strptime(x, "%Y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S"))
dts_wrf = np.array(dts_wrf)
timestep = np.where(dts_wrf == wrf_time)
if len(timestep[0]) == 0:
raise ValueError(("Time " + str(wrf_time) + " not found in WRF file!"))
x_len = wrf_cdf.__getattribute__("WEST-EAST_GRID_DIMENSION")
y_len = wrf_cdf.__getattribute__("SOUTH-NORTH_GRID_DIMENSION")
dx = wrf_cdf.DX
dy = wrf_cdf.DY
x = np.arange(0, x_len) * dx - radar_loc[0] * 1e3
y = np.arange(0, y_len) * dy - radar_loc[1] * 1e3
z = np.mean(alt_wrf[timestep[0], :, :, :], axis=(0, 2, 3))
x, y, z = np.meshgrid(x, y, z)
z = np.squeeze(alt_wrf[timestep[0], :, :, :])
z_stag = (z[1:, :, :] + z[:-1, :, :]) / 2.0
x_stag = (x[:, :, 1:] + x[:, :, :-1]) / 2.0
y_stag = (y[:, 1:, :] + y[:, :-1, :]) / 2.0
W_wrf = np.squeeze(W_wrf[timestep[0], :, :, :])
V_wrf = np.squeeze(V_wrf[timestep[0], :, :, :])
U_wrf = np.squeeze(U_wrf[timestep[0], :, :, :])
w = griddata(
(z_stag, y, x), W_wrf, (new_grid_z, new_grid_y, new_grid_x), fill_value=0.0
)
v = griddata(
(z, y_stag, x), V_wrf, (new_grid_z, new_grid_y, new_grid_x), fill_value=0.0
)
u = griddata(
(z, y, x_stag), U_wrf, (new_grid_z, new_grid_y, new_grid_x), fill_value=0.0
)
u_field = {}
u_field["standard_name"] = "u_wind"
u_field["long_name"] = "meridional component of wind velocity"
v_field = {}
v_field["standard_name"] = "v_wind"
v_field["long_name"] = "zonal component of wind velocity"
w_field = {}
w_field["standard_name"] = "w_wind"
w_field["long_name"] = "vertical component of wind velocity"
Grid["u"] = xr.DataArray(u, dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=u_field)
Grid["v"] = xr.DataArray(v, dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=v_field)
Grid["w"] = xr.DataArray(w, dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=w_field)
return Grid
def make_intialization_from_hrrr(Grid, file_path, method="linear"):
"""
This function will read an HRRR GRIB2 file and return initial guess
u, v, and w fields from the model
Parameters
----------
Grid: Py-ART Grid
The Py-ART Grid to use as the grid specification. The HRRR values
will be interpolated to the Grid's specficiation and added as a field.
file_path: string
The path to the GRIB2 file to load.
method: str
Interpolation method: 'nearest' for nearest neighbor,
'linear' for linear.
Returns
-------
Grid: Py-ART Grid
This returns the Py-ART grid with the HRRR u, and v fields added.
The shape will be the same shape as the fields in Grid and will
correspond to the same x, y, and z locations as in Grid.
"""
if CFGRIB_AVAILABLE is False:
raise RuntimeError(
(
"The cfgrib optional dependency needs to be "
+ "installed for the HRRR integration feature."
)
)
the_grib = cfgrib.open_file(
file_path, filter_by_keys={"typeOfLevel": "isobaricInhPa"}
)
# Load the HRR data and tranform longitude coordinates
grb_u = the_grib.variables["u"]
grb_v = the_grib.variables["v"]
grb_w = the_grib.variables["w"]
gh = the_grib.variables["gh"]
lat = the_grib.variables["latitude"].data[:, :]
lon = the_grib.variables["longitude"].data[:, :]
lon[lon > 180] = lon[lon > 180] - 360
# Convert geometric height to geopotential height
EARTH_MEAN_RADIUS = 6.3781e6
gh = gh.data[:, :, :]
height = (EARTH_MEAN_RADIUS * gh) / (EARTH_MEAN_RADIUS - gh)
height = height - Grid["radar_altitude"].values
radar_grid_lat = Grid["point_latitude"].values
radar_grid_lon = Grid["point_longitude"].values
radar_grid_alt = Grid["point_z"].values
lat_min = radar_grid_lat.min()
lat_max = radar_grid_lat.max()
lon_min = radar_grid_lon.min()
lon_max = radar_grid_lon.max()
lon_r = np.tile(lon, (height.shape[0], 1, 1))
lat_r = np.tile(lat, (height.shape[0], 1, 1))
lon_flattened = lon_r.flatten()
lat_flattened = lat_r.flatten()
height_flattened = gh.flatten()
the_box = np.where(
np.logical_and.reduce(
(
lon_flattened >= lon_min,
lat_flattened >= lat_min,
lon_flattened <= lon_max,
lat_flattened <= lat_max,
)
)
)[0]
lon_flattened = lon_flattened[the_box]
lat_flattened = lat_flattened[the_box]
height_flattened = height_flattened[the_box]
u_flattened = grb_u.data[:, :, :].flatten()
u_flattened = u_flattened[the_box]
u_interp = NearestNDInterpolator(
(height_flattened, lat_flattened, lon_flattened), u_flattened, rescale=True
)
u_new = u_interp(radar_grid_alt, radar_grid_lat, radar_grid_lon)
v_flattened = grb_v.data[:, :, :].flatten()
v_flattened = v_flattened[the_box]
v_interp = NearestNDInterpolator(
(height_flattened, lat_flattened, lon_flattened), v_flattened, rescale=True
)
v_new = v_interp(radar_grid_alt, radar_grid_lat, radar_grid_lon)
w_flattened = grb_v.data[:, :, :].flatten()
w_flattened = w_flattened[the_box]
w_interp = NearestNDInterpolator(
(height_flattened, lat_flattened, lon_flattened), w_flattened, rescale=True
)
w_new = w_interp(radar_grid_alt, radar_grid_lat, radar_grid_lon)
del grb_u, grb_v, grb_w, lat, lon
del the_grib
gc.collect()
u_field = {}
u_field["standard_name"] = "u_wind"
u_field["long_name"] = "zonal component of wind velocity"
v_field = {}
v_field["standard_name"] = "v_wind"
v_field["long_name"] = "meridonial component of wind velocity"
w_field = {}
w_field["standard_name"] = "w_wind"
w_field["long_name"] = "vertical component of wind velocity"
Grid["u"] = xr.DataArray(u_new, dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=u_field)
Grid["v"] = xr.DataArray(v_new, dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=v_field)
Grid["w"] = xr.DataArray(w_new, dims=("time", "z", "y", "x"), attrs=w_field)
return Grid